Linux shell/bash commands

#1

Here is a list of some common Linux shell/bash commands , for most of the Linux distributions that you will actually need to use for work.

Create short cut to a command using alias
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```
alias Desktop='cd /home/username/Desktop'
```
Now, instead of typing cd /home/username/Desktop, you can simply move to the Desktop by typing 'Desktop' in the command prompt
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```
alias list='ls -la'
```
This creates an alias called list, which will use the ls command to print a long-style listing of all files in the current directory (the -l gives a long-style list, and the -a shows all files - including hidden files)
Use apt-get (APT:Advanced Package Tool) for Debian and Ubuntu Linux to install packages over internet using ftp or http/https protocols, for upgrading all system packages in a single operation, for removing packages as well and other usage

Install package:
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```
apt-get install {package-name}
```
Install several packages with a single operations
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```
apt-get install {package-name} {package-name} {package-name} ...
```
Upgrade all packages at once
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```
apt-get upgrade
```
Upgrade a single package
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```
apt-get upgrade {package-name}
```
Try
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```
apt-get upgrade {package-name} -u
```
Remove package but keep the configuration files
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```
apt-get remove {package-name}
```
Remove package and all the configuration files
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```
apt-get --purge remove {package-name}
```
Search for a package name if you don't remember/know it but you are aware of some keywords
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```
apt-cache search "Text-to-search"
```
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```
apt-cache search "web server" | grep https
```
Display package dependencies (a list of other packages on which a package depends on)
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```
apt-cache depends {package-name}
```
NB: Check "aptitude" - a text-based interface to the Debian GNU/Linux package system and Synaptic Package Manager (GUI fron end for APT).
Spell checking a file interactively with Aspell
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```
aspell check filename
```
Compress and decompress files using bzip2 command at a high rate

Compress a single file and remove the original file
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```
bzip2 filename
```
Compress multiple files at once, remove originals
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```
bzip2 file1 file2  file3
```
Create a compressed copy of a file and keep the original
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```
bzip2 -c file > file.bz
```
See more, bzip2
Read, modify, concatenate text files or display the contents of a file using Unix/Linux Cat command (cat comes from the word conCATenate or glue together two or more files)

Display the contents of the motd (messages of the day) file to your screen
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```
cat /etc/motd
```
Cat's output to a device, e.g., a printer or modem
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```
cat /etc/motd > /dev/modem
```
Concatenate files into one big file
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```
cat file1 file2 file3 output bigfile
```
Most popular commands for files, directory and jobs

Delete empty directory:
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```
rmdir dir
```
Remove/delete directory and its contents repeatedly:
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```
rm -r directory
```
This would present a prompt for approval to delete each of the files. If you don't want to receive a prompt for each file, use the following command instead:
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```
rm -rf dir
```
Remove a number of files that start with "file.234."
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```
rm file.234*
```
Rename directory:
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```
mv old_name new_name
```
Check human readable size of each file/directory in a directory including the container directory itself:
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```
du -h directory_name
```
Move to home directory
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```
cd ~
```
Print the current working directory:
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```
pwd
```
Submit job by using bash script(bas-script is the name of the script)
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```
sbatch bash-script
```
Create a link (-s means soft link):
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```
ln -s target_dir  linkname
```
For example:
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```
ln -s  target_directory_name  pipeline
```
Remove link:
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```
rm pipeline
```
List everything including those in directories:
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```
ls -l
```
Open the bash profile/bashrc to set PATH/environment variable (e.g., PYTHON variable):
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```
vim ~/.bash_profile
```
or
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```
vim ~/.bashrc
```
Rename in a path:
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```
mv ../old_directory/new_directory/* ./
```
Search for text and replace:
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```
sed -i 's/original/new/g' fname.txt
```
- sed = Stream EDitor
- -i = in-place (i.e. save back to the original file)
- s = the substitute command
- original = a regular expression describing the word to replace (or just the word itself)
- new = the text to replace it with
- g = global (that's, replace all and not just the first occurrence)
- fname.txt = the file name
Cancel submitted job:
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```
scancel JOBID
```
where JOBID is the job ID
Open/Create

Open a directory:
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```
nautilus directory_name
```
Open website by using a default browser:
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```
xdg-open url
```
For example:
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```
xdg-open https://forums.tssfl.com
```
Use specific browser e.g., firefox to open web:
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```
firefox url
```
Use any editor, e.g., gedit to create a file and write contents in it (start with the name of editor, followed by filename):
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```
gedit filename
```

This list will periodically be updated, especially, by adding more commands.

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Linux shell/bash commands

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